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ÚNICO
Latin Lemma
ūnĭcus
Latin Meaning
'one and no more; only, sole, single; alone of its kind, singular, uncommon, unparalleled, unique' (both ameliorative, 'unparalleled' and pejorative, 'singularly bad') L&S
While Lat. ūnĭcus is only used in the Vulgate New Testament by Luke to refer to an only child, translating Gk μονογενης, it is not used of Jesus as the only Son of God. Elsewhere in the New Testament (John, Hebrews, Epistle of John) μονογενης is translated into Lat. as unigenitus.
Spanish
Spanish Lemma
único
Spanish Variants
inflected forms; unico and inflected forms
Spanish POS
Spanish Morphologically related words
únicamente, unicidad DLE
Ranking/frequency in Spanish
213 Davies 2017, 5153 CDEWP
Spanish First attestation
Con grant pïedat, sospiros e lloro, / e con çolloços, la Eglesia vos pide / que este estado, que es su thesoro, / de único papa, por vos non se oluide (CORDE: Pero López de Ayala, Rimado de Palacio, c1378-1406)
e nuestro señor el rey don Enrrique (Dios mantenga) es padron verdadero e unico de la dicha abbadia (CORDE: Anón., El obispo de Burgos da la canónica posesión de la abadía de Covarrubias a Juan González de Valladolid, 1395)
Spanish Historical frequency (per million words)
13C: 0.85 | 14C: 0.37 | 15C: 0.34 | 16C: 27.00 | 17C: 36.09 | 18C: 156.62 | 19C: 247.57 | 20C: 345.62 | CDEGH | |
13C: 0.00 | 14C: 0.00 | 15C: 1.17 | 16C: 0.41 | 17C: 0.63 | 18C: 27.16 | 19C: 84.83 | 20C: 122.20 | 21C: 93.69 | Enclave |
- | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 21C: 382.63 | CORPESXXI |
- | - | 1064-1500: 2.12 | - | 1501-1700: 25.38 | 1701-1800: 144.11 | 1801-1900: 246.05 | 1901-2005: 364.24 | - | CDH |
Spanish Semantic history
» 'single': generally precedes the noun like other quantifiers from 16C
San Atanasio, en la Vida de San Antonio Abad, dice que el único remedio para vencer los demonios es la continua memoria de Dios (CORDE: Fray Juan de los Ángeles, Tratado espiritual de cómo el alma ha de traer siempre a Dios delante de sí, 1607)
» with ameliorative value ('singularly good') when following the noun or when used predicatively from 16C
García, el médico celebradísimo y único (CDEGH: Lope de Vega (1562-1635), Cartas, 1598)
merece Espinel que V.e. le honre por hombre insigne en el verso latino y castellano, fuera de haber sido único en la música (CDEGH: Lope de Vega (1562-1635), Cartas, 1598)
» 'individual' from 16C. In this meaning it is treated as gradable.
no por esto Lipsio deja de ser aquel divino inventor de tan único estilo, que es lo mismo que sucede a V.m., único ingenio y inimitable (CDEGH: Lope de Vega (1562-1635), Cartas, 1598)
Spanish Collocational history
» In 16th-17th century Spanish único is very often used with hijo
mató a Orode, su viejo padre, y a su único hijo y treinta hermanos suyos (CORDE: Fernando de Rojas, La Celestina. Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea, c1499-1502)
» and when referring to Jesus as the only Son of God
Finalmente, embiándonos su único hijo, que es aquel verbo eterno vestido de nuestra carne (CORDE: Bernardo Pérez de Chinchón, La lengua de Erasmo nuevamente romançada por muy elegante estilo, 1533)
» but it also qualifies many other nouns
Y porque este único ejemplo basta para las nobles de nuestra edad, no traeré aquí otros que en gran multitud se me ofrecen (CORDE: Juan Justiniano, Instrucción de la mujer cristiana, de J.L. Vives, 1528)
» A crucial feature of Spanish seems to have been the eventual preference for preposed único over solo to indicate this same notion of ‘no other’. Único immediately challenges solo in 16C, when it gains significantly in frequency, and subsequently overtakes solo. This is an example in which the two words are probably used in a desire for stylistic variatio, showing that either was still possible:
Y si miramos lo que para nosotros sois y en nuestro respeto, sois el deseo del alma, el único paradero de nuestra vida, el propio y solo bien nuestro (CDEGH: Fray Luis de León (1527-1591), De los nombres de Cristo, 1559)
Portuguese
Portuguese Lemma
único
Portuguese Variants
inflected forms; unico and inflected forms
Portuguese POS
Portuguese Morphologically related words
unicismo, unicista Houaiss
Portuguese First attestation
abraam que foy obediente de sacrificar que era unico & soo a elle (CDPGH: Clemente Sanches de Vercial, Sacramental, 1488?)
Portuguese Historical frequency (per million words)
13C: 3.63 | 14C: 0.00 | 15C: 0.35 | 16C: 8.57 | 17C: 51.65 | 18C: 72.48 | 19C: 321.55 | 20C: 367.12 | CDPGH |
French
French Lemma
unique
French Variants
inflected forms
French POS
French Morphologically related words
uniquement, unicité Larousse
Ranking/frequency in French
French First attestation
nonobstant qu’elle soit capital et souverainne de tout le royaume et unique (FRANTEXT, Nicolas de Baye, Journal, 1400-1410)
French Historical frequency (per million words)
13C: 0 | 14C: 0 | 15C: 0 | 16C: 31 | 17C: 56 | 18C: 80 | 19C: 63 | 20C: 78 | 21C: 67 | FRANTEXT |
French Collocational history
» DMF observes that unique is often used in conjunction with seul in the specification of an only son, suggesting that it is used to emphasise the notion of ‘no other’, an important concept in a legal context
monseigneur le daulphin vostre seul et unique filz (DMF: Jean Juvénal des Ursins, Loquar, 1440)
Italian
Italian Lemma
unico
Italian POS
Italian Morphologically related words
unicamente, unicità Zingarelli
Italian First attestation
E in Gesù Cristo unico suo figliuolo, verace segnore nostro (OVI: Bono Giamboni, Vizi e Virtudi, before 1292))
English
English Lemma
vnique
English Variants
none
English POS
English Morphologically related words
uniquely, uniqueness OED
English First attestation
Engendring one eternitie, and by an alone vnique action [Fr. d'vne action vnique] neuer disturbed, his linage full of vnderstanding (OED: R. Dolman tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. III. 6, 1601)
English Semantic history
‘The adjective was not fully naturalized until the second half of the 19th cent., and its use was sometimes deprecated; it was entered in H. J. Todd Johnson's Dict. Eng. Lang. (1818) as a foreign word and characterized as “an affected and useless term of modern times”.’ (OED)